Qualitative Rules
The
qualitative rules (specifically sign rules) are those that constitute a
consistent set of relationships. It is like the multiplication table, which is considered
a set of systematic rules satisfying each other, where its symbolic consistency
is held during the substitution process from one rule into the other. The
multiplication table can be considered consistent symbolic relationships
without any relevance to multiplication, division, or even any numeric meanings;
what concerns us is its consistency.
To the best
of my knowledge, all sciences are devoid of consistent relationships except the
physical laws and the known sign rules, moreover the multiplication table. If
I'm not mistaken there no much more, even Boolean algebra can't be included
because of the lack of substitution relationships. Despite the qualitative
rules are being qualitative in nature, this doesn't mean they exclude quantities;
because quantities go underneath quality, because quality is the most global
and general concept.
Considering
the Euclidian geometry and its beauty, and its gradual building upon axioms and
postulates, this edifice does not represent a symbolic closed structure despite
its logical consistency, unlike the physical laws that represent a consistent
symbolic logic through substitution, and it is supposed to be closed on itself
even if we have not attained or could not see this closing stages somehow.
It is
required with qualitative rules to use symbols, and the consistency ought to be
achieved through non contradictory substitution, and it is not mandatory (only
for the time being) to be closed on itself, so we find the multiplication table
is endless, and its relationships goes forever without contradictions.
The
importance of qualitative rules emerges from its representation for formal
general relationships relating to physical facts; and not relating to the
formal thought as it has been in traditional logic science with its concepts of
positive and negative predicates. Qualitative rules are general molds that
include all the other relationships; they are general models that unifies
between phenomena. Upon these qualitative relationships, their deduction, and their
meanings; we can construct a complete science – where they represent the tools
that the theory of opposites depends upon to study and unify all phenomena.
The First
Set of Sign Rules
For easy reference later on, we will call the known sign rules as the
first set of rules; which are:
+ x + = + (1) - x - = + (2)
+ x - = - (3) - x + = - (4)
Since these rules represent the relationship between two states (+,-)
then the second set of rules governs the relationships between three states (+,
-, ±). Thereby, the number of the set is lower by one than the number of states
it includes, namely the first set includes two states, and the second set
includes three states and so on.
The deduction of the first set as it is known goes as
follows:
The deduction starts with some assumptions, like considering gain or
profit is positive, and loss is negative, likewise with the pairs: (after,
before) – (above ground level, under ground) – (increase, decrease). It is all
positive and negative states respectively. Then the deduction continues with
mentioning some examples from daily life such as:
If a person gains (+) 500 pounds monthly, find his income after (+) three
months? Sure the result should be positive, because the person would earn,
thus: +500 x +3 = +1500, so we deduce: +x+=+, and the proof goes on to deduce the
rest of the rules, but the objections against this deduction are:
The basic assumption considers "gain" and "after" as
positive, and "loss" and "before" as negative, but this is
unacceptable assumption, because these are really two assumption not one. If
the assumption started with "gain" as positive, and "loss"
as negative and then tried to drive the state of both "before" and
"after" it would be more acceptable, but this is not what goes on. It
is in the first assumptions hasn't indicated any relationship between them, so
their signs are completely random and unjustifiable.
The other weak point in this deduction, overlooking the wrong assumptions;
it is not a general proof. What makes us sure that when we change concepts like
"before and after" or "gain and loss" with any other
concepts or categories; it is guaranteed to be still applicable and valid and
be compatible with all meanings?!!
The ambiguity reaches its extreme when proving the rule: – x - =+, which
is described as the most slippery or tricky one. If one person loses (-) every
month 100 pounds, then what is his earning (+) since (-) three months? This is
because "loss since a period of time" is considered gain with respect
to the current situation, so the previous situation is better than now, and
thereby it is considered as gain. Moreover, the deficiency comes to its peek when
determining whether the result is gain or loss in the header of the problem
itself, thus it is assumed before deducing it.
The relatively better method (just for the time being of explanation) is
to deduce these rules by following the trial and error method as follows:
Suppose that: + x + = + (1) , +=+/+
Then suppose: + x - = + , -=+/+ but this contradicts
with (1) because that way: +/+ gives two different results, then we have to
change our second assumption to be: + x - = - (2) , +=-/- which is ok.
Then suppose: –x-=- , -=-/- but this contradicts
with (2), thus we have to change it to be: -x-=+ (3).
That way we have deduced three consistent rules; which what we call the
first set of sign rules, where the second rule does not contradict with the
first, and the third does not contradict with the second, thereby the third
does contradict with the first. All right, but this not also the actual
convincing proof – matters will be elucidated as we go on – whatever it is, it
is better than the known proof and it is general, because it is irrelevant to
certain meaning or category.
The method used, namely trial and error will be used to deduce the
relationships between states (+, -, ±), but for much more states this method is
very complicated if we use the manual work, so a computer program has been developed
for this purpose, where its logic is really very interesting and has remarkable
consequences, and sure not depending on trial and error, but it is established
actually on all what is mentioned here of simple facts about states.
The first set of sign rules can be reformulated in a reverse form which
is:
- x - = - , + x + = - , - x + = +
These reverse rules of the first set can replace the first set without absence
of any meaning, except as if we considered gain is negative and loss is
positive, and it can be deduced starting from the assumption: –x-=- , and continuing
with the same steps as the previous deduction by following trial and error
method.
The interpretation of the first set of rules can be seen as if the similarities
have output that is reverse to the different states output (similarities are
+x+=+ , -x-=+ , different states are: +x-=- or according to the reverse set
similarities are: -x-=-, +x+=- and different states are: +x-=+) if the output
of similarities is positive, the output of different is negative and vise
versa. The first set has two forms and there is no preference of one over the
other.
The known sign rules according to what is known implies quantitative
meanings which can be more elucidated better from the known axes system
(Cartesian system), that divides the plane into four divisions, considering
what is above the origin is positive, and what is below is negative, and what is
to the right is positive, and what is to the left is negative, thus the
increase (+) for both positive or negative means going away from the horizontal
or vertical axis (either up with positive or down with negative, or right with
positive or left with negative) thus the state remains unchanged when moving
away, and hence +x-=- , +x+=+ (increase of negative is negative, and increase
of positive is positive), whereas in the case of decreasing (-) any of them, it
goes towards the reverse direction to the other state, thus the decrease of
positive is negative and the decrease of negative is positive namely: -x+=- ,
-x-=+ , and this may be the best generic meaning of the first set of sign
rules, despite the axes system in based on it, but it is not a means for its
deduction, but just for illustration (it is actually build on these meanings,
and it is not derived from it). Notwithstanding it will be evident later on that
the first set has no quantitative meanings at all.
Thereby, if the first set has a quantitative meaning that ensues to a qualitative
change, so why there is no neutral state, since the availability of the
positive and negative imposes the presence of a neutral state, which is absent
in these rules? The simplest issue is that the basic definition of opposites is
impossible without its availability (since the two opposites are not defined by
each other, but as a function of the neutral state). The worse is that the
first set has a reverse form, and the use of any of them depends upon the first
assumption of states.
These deficiencies will not be there in the second set that includes (+,
-, ±) where it does not depend on the first assumption of states whatever the
assumption is; it remains the same, and the reason as will be explained is that
it contains the original rules and its reverse rules at the same time, which
means that it is self complemented, and signifies its stability and self
completeness. Moreover, the traditional sign rules deals with white and black, consequently
the absence of the intermediate states. The whole being is not white and
non-white (which is a blind vision) considering only the positive and negative,
means the absence of the interaction between them which accrues to the neutral
state.
The first set of rules are not self complemented, and the symmetry in
rules should exist, where each rule must have a reverse rule, but the first set
does not include compound states, so the existence of two states must conduce
to the emergence of new states.
The Second Set of Sign Rules
The second set is that set which includes the relationship between three
states: (+, -, ±) that can be deduced by following the trial and error method
as follows:
Suppose that the ratio: +/- has a result +
Then suppose that the ratio: -/+ has a result -
From first assumption: +/-=+ , \ -x+=+
From second assumption: -/+=-, \-x + = -
It is clear that there is a contradiction between them, since the left
side is the same, but with different results at the right side, so we may
reverse both of the assumptions to be:
+/-=- , \- x - = + (1)
-/+=+, \ + x + = - (2)
Then suppose: ±/-=-, which is rejected because from (1): -x-=+ not ±, consequently
we have to reverse our assumption to be:
±/-=+ , \ - x + = ± (3)
Now it easy to deduce:
± x - = + x – x - = + x + = - (4)
± x + = + x – x + = - x - = + (5)
± x ± = - x + x – x + = + x - = ± (6)
These six sign rules constitute the second set (The standard second set),
and it represents a consistent set, whereby the substitution from any one into
the other results in two equal sides.
What we said is only one way of unjustified reasoning which can branch
in many different ways, and can start from many other assumptions. Whatever it
is, we will get the same rules but in different forms. So, let us go in another
reasoning just of elucidation.
Instead of reversing the first two previous assumptions, let us reverse only
one of them, supposedly the second one to be -/+=+, hence we get two
non-contradictory rules:
+ x - = + (1)
+ x + = - (2)
(Which looks like the revered first set)
Then suppose: ±/-=-, which is ok with the two previous rules, thus:
- x - = ± (3)
If we suppose that ±/+=+ or ±/+=- both is rejected because they
contradict with the previous rules, then ±/±=±, and we get:
± x ± = ± (4)
+/±=+ , + x ±= + (5)
-/± = - , - x ± = - (6)
Astonishingly, It is really the same set with keeping the neutral state
as it is, but exchanging + and – with each other. So forget it completely now
to avoid confusion till you tighten your grip on the basic concepts and matters
will be more clear later on.
We can follow many other reasoning of trial and error and we can get 6
forms of this second set (I just wanted to make you sure about our discussion,
but it is not the suitable time at all). To avoid confusion with the reader,
I'll adhere to the standard set, because their meanings are easier to
understand.
Science is devoid of any symbolic sign rules closed on itself except the
first set of rules and the physical laws (this to the best of my knowledge). As
the number of states increase; its ability to handle more structured phenomena increases
too, the matter is not like solving equations, but it is just looking for
general relationships that control the whole being- it is more general than any
law, because it is emptied from any content and formulated symbolically to rule
the building of the whole universe. It is logical rules applicable to any
system that includes a finite number of states in a logical consistent
relationship. Can we imagine that the unification of the human knowledge resides
in very simple principles?!!
All sciences do not include any consistent relationships except the
physical laws and the relationships between numbers (the multiplication table),
even numbers relations is assumed to be just an assumption with no justifiable logic,
it is only a different symbolic representation between the right and left sides
as we may say: 2+2=4 it is tautology and does not say much more that the left
side is the same as the right but in different figure in an ordered systematic
form.
The connotation of these rules and what issues it can come up with; need
a through investigation and poses many issues like:
* Are sign rules can be
deduced for any number of states, or it has a certain limit, and if so, or not,
why?
* What is the general method
to deduce the rules between any number of states?
* Is it necessary for the
number of states to be odd to have a final neutral state with no opposite?
* What the benefit of higher sets, and does it include the lower sets?
* Are the formal and the
actual physical relationships both can be governed by only one set? And if not,
so, is there is some transformation to unify them all underneath one?
* Are there certain categories
from which the sign rules can be deduced (like the issue of induction – and to
what extent it applies to all the other observations) or the reverse is true,
so sign rules is the base on which meanings are built upon?
* In any consistent set, is
there is a minimum basic number required of rules to establish the remaining
ones?
If you think about the Yin, Yang symbol, and how both of the two opposites contain each other, where the black half contains a white dot and vise versa. It is very easy to recognize that the first set of sign rules cannot realize that, where this symbol contains symmetry; and each of the two opposites contains the other and defined by it, which all is very obvious from the second set of sign rules (+x+=-, -x-=+). Intuition and common sense are dominating; and both reflect the deep simplicity of the truth about our world; and till the end of the material presented; this all will be assured within every step.
The Explanatory Proof of the Second Set
From the neutral position and what it expresses about of equal homogeneity
… if it is divided into two parts, and one unit is transferred from one side
to the other, then one of them is greater relative to equality by one, and
the other is smaller relative to equality by one, thus the difference
between the two opposites is two units (4=4, 5=3, 5-3=2, also: 3=-, 4=±, 5=+). Hence
the relativity of each unit with respect to neutrality is the opposition; and
with the same magnitude. But is the opposition will still be present between
the two opposites when overlooking the neutral?
The value 5 is increased from 4 by the same value that 3 in decreased
from 4, the relationship is reversal in the two directions, is there any doubt
about that?! The relation of + with – ought to be opposite in comparison to the
relation of – with +, thereby the relation is essentially opposite in the two
directions between any two states. This is a very elementary and basic
principle.
Suppose two states s1, s2 then if s1>s2,
then s2<s1, in other words: if s1/s2>1,
then s2/s1<1. Thus "one" is the relative
reference for opposition, and with neutrality, unity (oneness) is attained. (It
is a very simple and intuitive principle that is not asserted on; in spite of
its importance and complete clarity). It can be said that the matter is not a
quantitative comparison at all, but it is basically a relational order, where
it can be said again far away from quantification, considering two points x, y:
x is to the right of y, whereas y is to the left of x, thus the relative
relationship is definitely opposite in the two directions.
It can be said that the matter is not a quantitative comparison
at all, but it is basically a relational order, where it can be said far
away from quantitative concepts, that the relationship can express about an
action somehow, so that the effect of hot body on another cold one is not the
same of the cold on the hot, since one gets hotter and the other gets colder;
apart from any quantitative meanings
The very simple numeric relationship between 3, 4, and 5 indicates that:
neutral relative to positive is smaller (±/+=-) and negative relative to neutral
is smaller (-/±=-) and positive relative to neutral is greater (+/±=+) and the
neutral relative to negative is greater (±/-=+). Now replace the words greater
and smaller with right and left, and you will find that the same logic applies.
So, quantities are just illusion. All what is there are just qualities and
relational order (I know that all matters are not so simple like that, but is it true).
Thus if the result from ±/+ is negative, then the result of the opposite
ratio +/± must be positive, and so on with the other relationships. Hereby, we
can deduce three relationships:
+x - = ± , + x ± = + , - x ± = -
The relationship 1/+=- expresses about "inversing the
relationship", it is the implicit statement about the relation between the
three states, and its outcomes are the relative opposite relationships for both
opposites with the neutral, and also for neutral with the two opposites.
It remains to find the relationship between the positive and negative in
the two directions, namely: -/+ and +/- where it is a direct relationship
between the positive and negative without taking the neutral state into consideration.
If we consider the negative relative to the positive is smaller, then: -/+=-
but this is not right because it contradicts with the rest of the rules, whereas we
get the sign rule: -x+=- which contradicts with –x+=±, consequently we have
to reverse our assumption to get:-/+=+. By the same manner we get:+/-=-,
thereby the reversibility of relations has been achieved in the two directions
without any conflict with the other rules. But why here the same logic does not
apply? Is that because of neglecting the neutral state, or for any other reason?
One way to deduce +/- and -/+, and keeping all the meanings be
consistent with each other; is by considering the states to be in a circular
arrangement not linear, thereby +/- locates positive to be to the right of
negative and we get + for that, and vise versa with +/- to get - (this is the
essence of consistency where the relationships should be closed on itself,
which is an essential requisite, in other words: if it is closed on itself,
sure it is consistent; this this very another important principle).
If we apply the same circular arrangement on the first set of rules,
namely
(+, -) we will always get a contradiction, not only because it is
already contains a contradiction; but because the right or left to any
state will always meet the same state.
In addition, the relative relationship between negative and positive can
be deduced from (±/+x-/±=-/+=-x-) namely from the relative relationship between
neutral and positive, then the relationship between negative and neutral in
sequence to get the relation between the negative and positive (-/+) which
equals –x- (because ±/+=-, -/±=-) thereby: -/+=-x-=+ (sure this not a deduction
for the rule). Likewise +/-=+x+=-, and since the relation between -/+ has to be
opposite to the relation of +/-, thus the result of –x- is opposite to the
result of +x+. Thereby, the direct relation between positive and negative when
overlooking neutral state results in the reversal of the relationship!!! But
the principle of opposition of states still valid, the relation and the
opposite relation are inevitably opposite.
The Question arises: is he sign rules applicable on any category or any
other logic taking into consideration that its deduction is not based on any
category? My answer is: the logic of sign rules is based upon the cause and
effect logic and tangible matters (if this is not clear up till this point here, it
will be explained later in detail in the second part of the theory). Therefore,
I assure its applicability on any physical related concepts.
If we are talking about other forms of logic: for example if we talked
about the formal relationship between even and odd concepts, it may refuse to
get beneath any logic of sign rules, that is because it is related to abstract
numerical logic that has no relevance to physical nature where: even x even=
even, odd x even = even or odd, odd x odd= odd. Also, we can say that the
friend of my friend is my friend (+x+=+), the enemy of my enemy is my friend
(-x-=+), the friend of my enemy is my enemy (+x-=-), and enemy of my friend is my enemy (-x+=-) which all are ridicules despite its
correspondence with the first set of sign rules, it doesn't represent actual facts.
I already have written many chapters relating to different sciences to
show the ability of the concept of opposites to unify all the human knowledge.
Some of these chapters are: The deduction of the Euclidean geometry -
Psychology and opposites - The axes system according to higher sign rules, and
many much more and I will not publish them in the second part, because it needs
more investigation, but it contains the basis to show how this all can be done
(in the second part there is a chapter about differentiation and integration,
can you imagine how is that related to opposites and the sign rules?).
The Causal Principle within Sign Rules
Both of the two opposites is a cause for the other where they are
interrelated, and neutral is the cause for both of them.
The deduction of both the first and second sets is based upon avoiding
contradiction in the form of division, in spite of that the contradiction can
appear in the form of multiplication without converting to division. If a state
affects two different states, and the result is the same, this is a
contradiction and a breach of causal logic – thereby as if the second state
(the affected one) has no effect – no one of the interacting states can be
without effect (except the neutral state), consequently this logic can be used
to deduce the first and second sets without the transformation to the division
form, which is called the causal principle.
If the result of two interacting states does not change with the change of
one of them, then the neutral state has a relation with that; since neutral
state is not affecting, and to clarify that through the first set:
Suppose that +x+=+ namely a positive state affecting another one – if
the same positive state affected negative state, then we must get a different
result, thus: +x-=- and if this rule means the effect of negative state on
another positive state, then if negative state affects another negative state,
then we must get a different result: -x-=+ hence we get the first set of sign rules
using this simple sequential logic by applying a very simple qualitative
principle.
By following the same reasoning with the second set: we find the effect
of a positive state on another negative state results in neutral (+ x - = ±),
whereas its effect on a positive state results in negative state (+ x + = -),
whereas its effect on neutral state results in positive state (+ x ±=+). Accordingly
the result differs with each affected state for the same effect, which is
completely very logical and predictable, and the same logic applies for any
other set of sign rules of higher degree (it is causal logic).
By
developing a computer program, we can easily deduce any consistent set of sign
rules for any number of signs by applying this principle, and this goes as
follows:
- Suppose any number of signs and suppose any symbols for them.
- Select the first sign and
write all the possible rules with all the other signs taking into consideration
to set a different result for each one (according to the causal principle).
- Select the next sign and
write all the possible rules with all the remaining signs.
- Repeat the previous step
until all the signs are exhausted (recursive procedure).
However, this principle is necessary but not sufficient to get a
consistent set, I will explain why and how to get a consistent set. So when trying
to apply this principle using a computer program, you will get additional non-consistent
solutions, because in fact, there is no existence for what is called the
sufficient reason or cause. Moreover, this is not the only logic to computerize
the deduction of a consistent set of sign rules.
The ideological consequences of sign rules are impressive, because do
really nature follow these rules to attain the optimum consistent total state, that
is for adaptation and natural selection to occur? It is all stands beside the
naturalism and Darwinian attitudes as will be discussed in detail.
Now the causal logic is governed by evident and proved rules, not just narrative
or rhetorical sentences waiting to be tested; hereby the theoretical basis is
the sound ground, whatever you tell me about experimentation. As I said that in
spite of the simplicity of these rules, but they rearrange the human knowledge and
make it all unified under the same concepts.
If you see this principle as self-evident, but do you have a proof for
it? I say that the sign rules are the proof, because their consistency is
sufficient to confirm all the meanings that it can express about whatever it
is.
The same logic applies on the multiplication table, and then on our
whole scientific knowledge, in other words how the multiplication table
originates as a series of consistent relationships? It is simply governed by
the causal principle, thereby the effect of a certain number on any other one
(or the interaction between them) should always be different, also the same
result can be generated from different inputs (3x4=3x2x2=6x2=12) (+x+=-x± =-), which
is self-evident and does not need explanation.
Later on, I'll explain how all the known scientific methods are governed by these rules, where all the meanings are inherent there and waiting to be dismantled. You will not believe that starting from Francis Beckon methodology passing by other methodologies till the recent modern ones; are all incubated here within the sign rules.
About the Meaning of Consistency
The meaning of consistency is changing as science gains more advances in
new disciplines. When non-Euclidean geometries were discovered, consistency got
new dimensions. Consistency in its usual meaning is related to axioms; and how
not only these axioms must not contradict each other, but also they must not
give rise to theorems which contradict each other. Herein, in this theory, the
meaning of consistency sheds the light on a new viewpoint on consistency, which
is more stronger, well proved, and opens new paths for discussions about the
whole concept of consistency.
The meaning of consistency mentioned here has no relation with the known
meanings of consistency, because the substitution procedure was never a measure
for that, except after discovering sign rules other than the known ones. Here
are no postulates, but looking for a closed consistent set of symbols, whatever
its meaning is. But its meaning fundamentally is qualitative.
An important issue, which is the amenability of the sign rules to substitute
in each other, which is a sufficient reason for consistency and
non-contradiction, and this, is by far and in itself; is the strongest evidence
in comparison to any other logical structure of postulates.
If we are talking about the different geometries, we may say that from primitive
postulates taken to construct and build a new shape for the same postulates,
hereby there is no search for consistency, and it is all a matter of getting
the results from certain introductory assumptions, not investigating its consistency
That way the sign rules dismantle all the probable forms about the
structures in nature, where the nature of consistency on non-consistency here
is in its utmost levels of clarity and certainty. The sign rules don't depend
upon postulates, but it is inevitable logical structures. The geometrical theorems
don't affirm the validity of their postulates at all.
It
is the strongest meaning of consistency ever known, it is self-evident, because
the group of relationships is closed onto itself to satisfy each other, and you
cannot imagine much more simpler and intrinsic concept other than that.
So,
what is known about consistency it is a curious situation, for there is no test, no
criterion, of consistency. We have not noticed so far any inconsistency in
ordinary Euclidian geometry, for an instance, but the future may bring forth what
we do not know, and the entire structure may someday be seen to be consistent
only under conditions not yet stated, which are really all come now to be true
with the concepts of opposites, but the question poses itself: can all forms of
disciplines, thought, logic.., accrue to a closed set of relations?
Later on, a detailed discussion about consistency is
presented when deducing the sign rules using a computer program.
Principle of Opposition of Relative Relationships
The general logic entails considering the relative relationships are
inevitably opposite in both directions, other than that makes the relationships
of all things are the same.
Suppose the relation of s1 with s2 is the same of
s2 with s1, this means that: s1/s2=
s2/s1, then s1= s2,
which means the neutrality between the two opposite states, namely the absence
of any opposition between them and they have the same state. The relationship
(physically) means the mutual effect, so if the effect is the same interchangeably,
then it entails their equality. So in general the relationship of s1
with s2 is not the same of s2 with s1, namely
the effect of each one on the other is different or opposite according to the
value of the affecting and effected states.
Thus, the concept of relationship shows the importance of division to
express about the relation and its opposite, and the previous relationship can
be rewritten in the form:
s1 x 1/s2 = s2 x 1/s1, this
form lets both of s1, s2 to appear in opposite form in
both sides (the value and its inverse, thereby to cancel each other) knowing
that the value and its inverse are in relation to "one", in other
words a relationship exists between state and its opposite through neutral
state which is represented by "one", thus s1/1 is reverse
to 1/s1, which we all already
know, but may not be proved qualitatively or we don't know its deep essence and
implications.
From the second set of rules: +/-=-, -/+=+ thus the relation of s1
with s2 is the opposite to the relation of s2 with s1,
whereas with the first set: +/-=- , -/+=- and this is from the viewpoint of
qualities is unacceptable and inconsistent, since the relation in the two
directions can't be the same except in the case of their equality, and this
what we actually get, namely: s1/s2=s2/s1
which corresponds to +/- = -/+, then (-)2=(+)2
, by taking the square root we get -=+ namely s1= s2. The
reason behind getting this contradiction with the first set is that the ratio
and its inverse are not opposite, so in the traditional mathematics and all
branches of science we get for the square root of + two outcomes + or – which
is considered acceptable and ok, but it is not, except with justification which
will be tackled in many subjects. (Look forward under the subject "square
and cubic roots" for more explanation, as will be seen: the absence of
neutral state causes contradictions).
Concerning the remaining rules of
the second set, we find the relation of positive relative to neutral "is
opposite to" the relation of neutral relative to positive, namely: +/±=+,
±/+=- , also the relation of negative relative to neutral "is opposite to"
neutral relative to negative namely: -/±=-, ±/-=+, thus all relative
relationships in the second set are opposite.
It remains the relations of a state with another similar one, which are
unidirectional because "there is no relation and the opposite one". Therefore
they all are relative neutral relationships that express about qualitative equivalence
between the two states, where the relativity of a state to another similar one means
neutrality, so we get: +/+=-/-=±/±= ±. Thereby the sign rules satisfies a
general logical meanings concerning tangible reality and the logic in general,
and what refuses to go in parallel with it is not logical or does not relate to
physical reality, and it is just an invention or convention.
The relation is represented by the ratio, because if s1>s2,
then the relation of s1 with s2 is opposite to the relation
of s2 with s1, and to represent that we can say that s1/s2>1,
s2/s1<1. So, the relationship relative to
"one" is a standard reference, or to say that: s1-s2>1,
s2-s1<1, and with subtraction the ordered relation
differs horizontally for the two terms, but with division it differs
vertically. It is just symbolization and no meaning related to division or
subtraction, our brains have been biased, suffering severe deficiency and
misleading concepts.
Instead of saying that: +/-=- it can be rewritten in the form (+,-)=- ,
thereby: -/+=+ corresponds to (-,+)=- so we get ordered pairs, and it would be:
+/+=-/-=±/±=± which corresponds to (+,+)=(-,-)=(±,±)=± respectively, and -/±=-
corresponds to (-,±)=-, and +/±=+ corresponds to (+,±)=+.
Namely, the two pairs (-,+)=(-,±)=- are equivalent, where their relative
relationship is the same. So, we can say that symbolic representation used with
the sign rules (also the entire science as will be explained later) does not
mean division or multiplication, it is mere a symbolic method to express about ordered
relations.
The principle of opposition of relative relations is one of the most
basic principles for all the forms of entities – is it essential and
preliminary or derived from other ones? This principle is a different
formulation of Newton's
third law that states: "For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction", it is almost the same content with different words. If Newton expressed about it
using action, he is right, since it is a general formalization that can be
applied on all subjects. The principle of opposite relative relations is a
general logical formalization, it decides that relative relations are equal and
opposite, in causal language it means that the equality of result with the
cause, which is imperative for conservation laws, otherwise there would be loss
or creation from void.
Where that principle was in the human thought, and what is its
importance and value? It is a basic principle of that real logic not formal
logic, it rules the nature.
The manifestation of absence of this principle from the first set of
rules is the collapse of the meanings of increase and decrease and the
contradiction for both positive and negative states. The other manifestation is
that the square root of positive state has two outcomes: either positive or
negative, namely all expectations are possible, namely it does not determine
any thing which is tautology.
If the relation of s1 with s2 is in the form: s1=2s2
then the corresponding opposite relation would be: s2=1/2 s1,
then we get: s1/s2=2, s2/s1=1/2,
then we get: s1/s2 x s2/s1= 2 x 1/2
= 1
But if the relation was not reversible in the two directions we get:
s1=2s2, s2=2s1, namely the
relation is the same in the two directions, and hence s1/s2=2,
s2/s1=2, thereby this is an assertion that their relation
is not opposite, where it is supposed that one of them equal 2 and the other
1/2 to cancels each other, and such a relationship when substituting from one
into another results in: s2=1 (this relation is the same like that
we got before with table reversal, and considering actions are neutral) which
is satisfied when s is equal to one, namely considering the states are neutral
in both directions, so this formula is satisfied with neutral states.
The simplest relation that is probable to inversion, namely the
possibility to do mutual equivalent operations in the two directions that is to
say: a=b , b=a which results in 1=1 (this is exactly the neutrality and they
are the same thing, the mutual relation is not opposite and hence the states
are neutral). Then, comes after it in complexity: a=1/2b , b=1/2 a, which means
that the relation of a, b is reversible, it is the same in both directions and
not opposite (instead of a=1b , b=1a, the one is replaced by 1/2 or may be
replaced by 2 and we get the same result) thus we get: 2a=b, 2b=a , by
substitution from the first in the second we get: 2 x 2a=a , 4=1 which
corresponds to s2=1 which is satisfied when s=1, namely by
considering neutrality of states to satisfy the relations in the two
directions, so it is satisfied with neutral states.
For each action; there is an equal reaction in magnitude and different
in quality. The principle of opposite relative relations is a logical
imperative principle rules all entities, it simply means the unbiased of one
state over the other, namely they are both equivalent; accordingly, this
principle satisfies the symmetry and systematic relationships.
To sum up: state relative to itself is absolutely neutral, so that:
s/s=1 or (s, s)=1 or any other possible form which is maintained in a
systematic digression. Also the relationships of opposites is opposite in the
two directions. With states x, y the relation of x relative to y is reverse to
the relation of y with x, thereby x/y * y/x=1. Also the contradiction present
in the first set: (+)2=(-)2 , then +=- is a result of the non-reversibility of
relationships between the opposite states (or they are not opposites and a
neutral states is lurking there as we will see). At last, not least the
symbolism used with sign rules does not mean multiplication or division; it is
only a representation to set up relationships.
Importance of the Neutral State
Suppose two points A, B (with the same visual order), where does point A
lie? It lies to the left of B, and where does point B lie? It lies to the right
of A, i.e. the relative relation is opposite in the two directions. If we want
to express about that symbolically, it can be: A/B=A, B/A=B, thus the product A
x B is susceptible to two answers A and B (since the two points A, B are supposedly
to be in opposite locations, but the result of their relationship comes out to
be neutral which is contrary to the first supposition).
As such, the importance of neutral state imposes itself to solve the
contradiction. The removal of neutral state results in the equality of the
relations in the two opposite directions.
Is our supposition that A being to the left of B without a separating
state between them, is an erroneous and subjective judgment, and to be
objective there ought to be a third point in between? It is actually subjective
because we intruded ourselves in the judgment unintentionally, as if we are an
external point observing the direction right or left, otherwise we could not
determine that direction, so we are the reference point.
The motion between two points in different directions is absolutely
equivalent and we cannot realize the direction of motion except in the presence
of a third reference point. When moving between two points, there is no way to
know if we are moving from A to B or the reverse direction. The only method to
discriminate that is the presence of a third reference point, where from its
relative position we can determine the direction. Supposedly, If the reference
point is to right, then we are moving from A to B and vise versa. So, if we
decided that A is to the left of B, and B to the right of A, there must be an
external global view of ourselves observing the direction of motion and keeping
that in our memory, then comparing it with the motion in the other direction.
Our direction can't be identified except relative to a third reference
point, that settles opposition between states, so can you know if you are
moving to Alex or Cairo except through the guiding symbols or a specific
identifier you know on any of the two sides?! There is impossibility to know
the direction of motion without third reference point, and from its position
relative to motion direction, where that direction determines whether it is
from Alex to Cairo, or from Cairo to Alex.
The state is being absolutely neutral if not referenced to any other
one. If we supposed that x=y/z where y≠z, that is y can't be equal to z, i.e. x
consists of a ratio (namely state x is determined by reference to other two
states, so we have three states). If the ratio disappeared we must get x=1, in
that way reaching neutrality. Thus if it becomes y=z this means that they are
the same, and consequently the meaning of ratio collapses and thus z/y=y/z where
both of them is the same, consequently any relationship is essentially has
three states not two, and if it is dual the opposition disappears and one of
the states transmuted to the other.
The positive (surplus) and negative (dearth) has been defined only because
they get aside from neutral (equality). Excess or shortage is just a ratio relative
to equality position- increase or decrease does not come from outside but by decomposing
neutral state, then increase occurs in one section and decrease in another, so
if neutral is 22 it becomes 31 or 13 thus increase or decrease are relative to
initial position 22.
The essence of state is absolutely devoid of qualitative meanings– and
to consider state to have a quantity, this negates its being as absolute state
– i.e. not to be absolute positive or absolute negative – this means positive state
must contain negative state and vise versa.
In other words the positive state can contain an amount of neutral which
is responsible for qualitative side – where neutral at first glance appears to
express mainly about state, but it is actually what creates quantity of state,
so neutral is the link between quantity and quality, because it is
characterized from qualitative side to be as state, and characterized from
quantity side by stability or un-changeability.
How do we say that the basis of everything is
qualitative, and then we talk about the distribution of quality over quantity,
by that: is quantity is another kind of quality? It is actually so since it is just
a neutral state, so it has no effect and we thought it is a quantity. The fact
that the basic concept is the qualitative not the quantitative is so clear and
simple to such degree that it is undisputable or debatable, we were just in
need to show how quantity is in opposition with quality – and this is clear
from the fact that quantity is represented by neutral state in opposition to
quality represented by (+,-).
Is There a Contradiction in the First Set of Sign Rules?
With the first set of sign rules: +x+x+x+…..=+, any number of positive
states has no effect because it does not change state, whereas decrease accrues
to reversal of state (-x-=+, -x+=-) where the second state has changed and this
is a doubtful logic. The right logic for qualities is different from what is
known. As if the positive state in all scientific equations represents
steadiness and non-changeability; whereas "negation is the action" which
is a well known mystic quotation, which had been cited in many philosophies and
modern writings till today.
The positive state arises from the first set as a ratio between similar
states: +/+=+, -/-=+ if this signifies something, it signifies its neutrality,
but negative state originated from the ratio of different states: +/-=-, -/+=-
thus the ratio and its reverse conduces to the same result (which is the utmost
of nonsense, so how a relation and its opposite conduces to the same state
except they are equivalent) which accrues to: +=- because it is generated from
taking the square root of the two sides: (+)2=(-)2 and
what asserts that (if we are not pleased with deducing +=- by taking the square
root) is that with the first set the square root of positive state is positive
or negative, which assures the equality of these outcomes, so if the result of
an operation is probable to two outcomes implies a contradiction, or it implies
that they are equal? In other words it does not purport useful answer and does
not give decisive decision, and we will show the right interpretation of the
first set later on. The contradiction is not necessarily to be so - because
from another viewpoint it can't be like that.
What again assures this contradiction from that: +/-=-/+, thus: +/- x
+/- =1 , (+)2 = (-)2=1 = +, whereby "one"
signifies neutrality, so does any one believe that +/- is the reverse of +/-
and differs from it? (There are no mistakes in typing) except their result is
neutral, and this is the compulsory meaning of the positive state. In other
words since it has been evident that the positive state results from division
of similar states, consequently: (+)2=(-)2=(+/-)2
by taking the square root of the two sides we get: +/-=+, thereby: +x-=+ which
is contradictory to the set of sign rules, or its result should to be: -=+ which is a mandatory
result without any evading outlet or escape from such bitter facts.
Distribution Rule and the Sign Rules
It is known that the sign rule: -x-=+ results from the distribution rule
which means: 2(x+y)=2x+2y. This sign rule results as follows:
(-2) (-3) = (-2) (-3) + (0) (3)
= (-2) (-3) + (-2+2)
(3)
= (-2) (-3) + (-2)
(3) + (2) (3)
= (-2) (-3+3) + (2)
(3)
= (-2) (0) + (2) (3)
= +6
This is how –x- is converted to + without applying any sign rules in the
steps, just the distribution rule. Is that proves that –x-=+ and it is unique
and not probable to give another answer?! But what makes us sure that it
follows the first set of rules not the second set, because this rule is common
between both of them? Also the first set is not justified, because it has a
reverse form which stand equally with the first set, in which –x-=- not +. Is
it a result from the second set, because it has only one form? Here no sign
rules have been applied except in the final step and considering the result is
(2)(3)=+6, i.e. applying the rule +x+=+, and this has no justification or
assertion that relates to the first set, because it can be considered
corresponds to ± x ± = ±, because the positive sign has been put compulsory
(who believes that the whole edifice of science is based on un-understood sign rules?). For your
knowledge the axes systems needed 300 years to settle down, which is based
mainly on the sign rules of the first set. This long period makes anyone in
doubt about the clarity of the beginnings of the basic concepts.
But what is the relation between the distribution rule
and the concept of distribution itself when deducing –x-=+, and why it is
compulsory? It seems to be the modal form for any logic, and it seems at the
beginning of inventing algebra, this rule of distribution has been discovered –
and around it other matters has been established (as I said the known axes system
needed 300 years to settle down, and you can imagine what happened in this long
period of trial and error).
But simply it can be formulated another way: three boxes
each contain 100 pieces, how many pieces are there? No action and no time. So,
with multiplication the repeating operations has meaning only in the absence of
time concept, since the neutral state is steady, namely neutral is timeless
state representing constancy, thus with multiplication it still has a meaning.
Relativity of States (General-Special-Unique)
Dealing with three concepts: General (g), special (s), and unique (u). For
example plant is the general, grain is the special, and wheat is the unique. Grain
as special is considered general to wheat, and is considered unique to plant,
from that we can deduce:
Grain/wheat=special/unique=general
=
s/u=±/-=+=g , u x g = s , + x - = ±
Grain/plant=special/general=unique
=
s/g=±/+=-=u , u x g = s , + x - = ±
It is evident that special which is the middle term has neutral state,
whereas the extremes are opposites, this is by taking into consideration two
terms and overlooking the third term. The original trio situation considering
the middle term can't be defined except in the presence of the other two states
– relatively to both – we can then express about that in the form:
Grain/(plant x wheat)= special/ (general x unique) = special
Special x special = general x unique , ± x ± = + x - , and its detailed
form:
(grain/plant) x (grain/wheat)= grain2 / (plant x wheat) =
special
Namely: s2 / g x u = s , s= g x u , ± = + x –
The relation of special with general (which is unique) is equivalent the
relation of unique to special (which is unique too), namely: special/general=unique/special,
special x special = general x unique, whereas unique to special is considered
unique, namely: u/s=u, u x s = u, - x ± = -.
General (g) to special (s) is expressed as: g/s=+/±= +, unique (u) to
special (s) is unique (u): u/s=-/± = - = u
Whereas to find the relation of unique and general where they exist in
two non- consecutive levels, this can be done through the intermediate term
which is special in that way: unique/special x special/general = unique/general
u x u = u/g , - x - = -/+, +=+
(The relation here goes from unique to general, and the reverse relation
can be formulated from general descending down to unique thereby:
g/s x s/u=g x g = g/u , + x + = +/- , -=- , going in the reverse
direction results in the reverse states).
It is clear that the two non-consecutive relations is equal to the
relative product for the consecutive terms, supported by the evidence of the result:
unique/general from the two relative relations, also it is evident that the
result of unique and general relation is u x u, which must accrue to g, namely
the general term (this is according to the sign rules), thereby unique to
general is general, how does this occur? Do they have the same state? Or does the
relations reverse and exchange places since unique to general becomes general
(general to unique is unique, so positive to negative is negative)? Or is there
a circulation in relations, so it is not a linear but circular relation? Or are
there a root and branches, but branches can be roots? Or do we make the result
u x u without conducing to a single term? Or are the relations inevitably exchangeable
and do not only going in one way; and other than that is absolutely wrong?
The meanings related to deducing from general, special, or unique are
irrelevant, it is just an expression about hierarchical relational levels, and
those relations are just a segment has been cut from more generalized concepts,
with the possibility of transforming positive into negative or vise versa.
Unique is not a direct function of general, but this is done through
special, if both positive and negative is defined without taking neutral into
consideration, this accrues to the reversal of states, and the moment that
neutral disappears, is the moment when states are exchanged.
General (g) relative to unique (u) is unique, but is that a result of
isolating the middle term, which is an essential term in setting up the
relation between them? Is it initially possible to define positive and negative
without neutral? Or is its presence mandatory for the definition of opposites?
Both opposites are known by their dissimilarity and in contrast there is the equality,
thereby there must be three states together, consequently trying to isolate
neutral reverses the states and positive becomes negative and negative become
positive.
For unique to be transformed into general, it should be divided into
special and unique, namely: - = ± x - = + x – x - = + x +, thus the negative
transforms into two positive states, thereby it can get into relation and
unique becomes a new general (not necessarily the same original general). Each
unique (-) can become general (+) by dividing it into special (±) and unique
(-).
Negative relative to positive, if neutral in between has been removed is
considered positive, and vise versa, they become the same state which is the
reference state – is that from its viewpoint? Namely negative gets the same
state of positive when referenced to it – whereas removing neutral means the
two states become the same one that is referred to. So that general (plant) to
unique (wheat) if the special (crop) is removed becomes unique, namely general
transforms into unique.
Transformation between the two opposites
For any state to be transformed to its opposite, it must first pass
through neutral state, because the opposite lies on the other side- thus
neutrality takes place before transformation to the other opposite. If we have
state a positive state +, it must be converted to ± then -, and this occurs
with the consecutive effect of two negative states, thereby: +x-x-=±x-=-,
namely in the first step with the effect of negative state on positive: -x+=± to
get a neutral state, then with a second effect of another negative state we get
negative state:-x±=-.
For instance, to exchange states between two bodies where one of them is
hot and the other is cold; and for the hot body to become cold and vise versa,
they must go through a moment where the temperature of them is equal then the
states can go in reverse direction. The natural tendency between them is the
thermal equilibrium, and for either state to be reversed a work must be done.
The cold body (-) to become hot (+), this occurs only when exerting a work by a
positive state: to get +x- = ±, and then another additional positive effect:
+x±=+. To the contrary, for the hot to become colder, this is done by a
negative factor or more negativity:
(-x+)x-=± x - = -. So, there no direct connotation that +x+=- or that –x-=+, but
a change takes place when two opposites exist in the presence of a third
affecting state, which is higher or lower than any of them (in fact as if there
are actually three different states +,-,± if we have cold and hot and much
hotter, or cold and hot and much colder, so there are two extremes and one
intermediate state).
In other
words we can say that: for a state to be converted into its opposite, it must
be decomposed into two opposite states: if we have the state (+) it can't be
transformed solely, but there must be another state (+) that is decomposed into
–x-, then +x- combined to get ±, then from the interaction of ±x-, a negative state
– is produced, thus it is to be: +x+=-. Ergo, this relation can't be understood
except in this sequence, namely there must be decomposition for one of the
states, and this is an implicit result that: –x-=+ but not a deduction for it.
So, this interprets how +x+=- and –x-=+ (using the relationships: + x - = ±, +
x ± = +, - x ± = -).
Therefore we have to understand +x+ to be +x-x-, because positive state
neutralizes with negative, and negative remains affecting on the neutral state
which accrues to emerging of a negative state. If we have hot body (+) and
another cold (-), then the natural tendency is the neutrality and remains the
resulting state to determine the nature of the affecting state.
The Mathematical Meaning of Neutral State
The traditional mathematical concepts impose the conventions that gain
is positive while loss is negative, but taking neutral state into consideration
makes it represents the intermediate situation between gain and loss, which is
"possession or ownership". Traditional mathematics without neutral
state considers that we never possess anything, but we are continually gaining
or losing all the time, and we add to our losses or to our gains, not to what
we already have. This situation is far from reasonability that is attained with
the existence of the neutral state, where its absence makes matters indiscernible
and more obscure.
Suppose a person owns 100 pounds (±100), afterwards he losses 50 pounds
(-50), then he has to have 50 pounds (±50), thus: ±100-50=±50. Then suppose a
person owns 100 pounds (±100), afterwards losses 200 pounds (-200), then he
must be debited by 100 pounds (-100), thus: ±100-200=-100. Thereby, the sign
rules that we can conclude from the relationship of possession with loss are:
± (+) - = ± if ±>- , ± (+) - = - if ->±, ± (+)-=0 if ±=-.
Suppose a person possesses 100 pounds (±100), afterwards he gains 50
pounds (+50), thus: ±100+50=±150, this means in the new situation he must possess
150 pounds, and we can't say he earned 150 (+150) because this not what
actually happened. Hence the relationship between possession and gain is: ± (+)
+=±, regardless of the value of ±, +.
The interpretation of these relational sign rules using possession with
both gain and loss, would
be clear when transferring from the second set to the first set, which simply is
done by replacing the neutral state with positive state, and consequently the
previous deduced relations become:
+ (+) -=+ if +>-, + (+)-=- if ->+, + (+)-=0 if +=-, whereas: + (+)
+=+, regardless of the values of both +, +.
It is evident that we have got the traditional concepts used in mathematics;
thereby possession makes matters more detailed and specific by differentiating between
possession and gain.
The transformation of neutral in the second set to a positive state in
the first set can be interpreted as if the first set unified positive and
neutral in one state and considered them a gain, and this is to some extent is
acceptable, moreover … the act of the neutral state in the second set is like
the positive state in the first set, since both of them does not change state
with multiplication.
With multiplication the relation of neutral with gain or loss has no
meaning, because there will not be a problem stating that: a person owns 100
pounds (±100), then find what he owns (or gains) after 3 months (+3)? The
question is meaningless or tautological with possession (since he should still
owns the same amount) because it is timeless process, namely it is fixed and
not changing in time, since this is the nature of the neutral state.
Square and Cubic Roots
Executing square and cubic roots on numerals is different from doing it
on states, whereas the operational order is effective with states that results
in different outcomes, but with numbers it is indifferent.
From the first set of rules: +x+=-x-=+, thereby (+)2 = (-)2
and taking the square root can be done in two ways: first, is to take the
square root then squaring: (√+)2= (√-)2, and in that case
we cannot find out the square root of negative. The second procedure is to do
squaring first then taking the square root: √(+)2=√(-)2
then we get √+=√+, +=+ or -=-, hence what should be is doing squaring first
then taking the square root, because the starting formula (+)2 = (-)2
includes squaring then applying the square root on both sides, and the starting
point is not the opposite, not because of the impossibility of finding the root
of negative.
By applying the cubic roots according to the first set; we find that the
cubic root of the positive state is positive, and the cubic root of the
negative state is negative, that is because the product of three similar states
results in the same state whether it is positive or negative (+x+x+=+,
-x-x-=-).
Now comes the turn to apply the same operations according to the second
set, either with square or cubic roots, which can be done in the same manner.
With square root we find that: we know that +x+=-, -x-=+ then with (+)2=
-, first by applying on both sides the square root then squaring: (√+)2=√-
then we get (-)2=+, +=+. But squaring then applying
square root: √(+)2=√-, we get √-=√-, then +=+ the result is the same
regardless of the order of operations, and this not a general judge as will be
shown.
Finding the square root can be done on different forms of rules:
+x(±)=-x- both sides have positive result, +x (+x-)=-x-, (+)2 x - = (-)2
by applying the square root we get: +x √-=-, +x+=-, hence the square root
results in reversing the original states, instead of being positive in both
sides it became negative. Also, since +x+=- by applying the square root we get:
√(+)2=√-, +=+, hence taking the square
root reverses the states. Using other forms like: (+)3=± and by
rewriting it in the form: (+)2 x +=±, by applying the square root we
get +x-=± which is all right and valid.
With applying the cubic root we find that: +x+x+=-x-x- hence: (+)3=(-)3
by applying the cubic root we confront two alternatives: performing cubic root
on state then cubing, namely it is written: (3√+)3=(3√-)3
but it is undetermined for both sides, because there is no three similar states
that have a product to be positive or negative. The second alternative is done by
applying cubing then the cubic root, which is written: 3√(+)3=3√(-)3
hence the result of the two sides is neutral, because what is under the root
sign results in neutral state in both sides, and the cubic roots of the neutral
state results in a neutral state. But we repeat again that the most acceptable
is applying cubic root after cubing because this is the origin of the equality,
thus applying the operation on both sides becomes possible.
Since with the first set we get two outcomes for the square root of +
which are + and – since +x+=-x-=+, and the same applies to the second set but
with cubic root, so that the cubic root of ± can be + or – since +x+x+=-x-x-=±,
and this all have many important implications and consequences about our
mathematical knowledge and the knowledge in general:
Now it is clear and asserted that using the first set is unjustified at
all, and it is not the only form of sings that can be used, because what we
thought as impossible with the first set reappeared with the second set but with
cubic operation (I mean square and cubic roots), so the second set can replace
the first equally, and for far and beyond objectives or purposes, because it is
sure more general and includes the first.
Also we realize the equivalence between the positive state in the first
set and the neutral state in the second set, since both of them is ineffective.
Later on, other sets of rules will be deduced of the third and forth degree,
for four and five states respectively; and their meanings will be explained, and
all sign rules are deduced using the same logic, which signifies the unity of
the whole universe that is controlled by the same logic on all levels of
complexity.
Making a comparison between the numeric values and states, for example when
we set: (4)2= (4)2 or (4)3= (4)3 we
can easily guess that we would get 4=4, but with (+)2=(-)2
can we guess directly that +=-?
The meanings are different, and without any hesitation we can establish
one to one relationship with numbers, because of the nature of numbers and
considering them as neutrals that is different from states.
We can't say that the square and square root cancels each other directly
as operations, but they have to be applied on states. So, with the first set when
setting (+)2=(-)2 and then applying the square root, sure
we will not get +=-, but we have to apply the inner operations then the outer,
so we get +=+, and the same logic applies with (+)3=(-)3
according the second set.
Many questions that may arise: what is the treatment of such operations with
higher degrees of sign rules? Is it acceptable for an operation to have two
outcomes where the square root of positive is either positive or negative with
the first set? Is there in general in nature a meaning for an operation that is
probable to two results and to accept one and refuse the other? Can the cubic
root be impossible with the second set, because it has no physical meaning,
because there is duality in nature? So there will be always one definite
outcome.
To sum up: with the first set the square root of the positive state
results in + or –, whereas the square root of negative state it is impossible;
whereas the cubic root results in + for + and – for -. With the second set the square root is possible for
any state, and cubic root is impossible for positive or negative, but possible
for neutral. With cubic root of ± we can get two outcomes + or -.
Not finished yet (Under translation)
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